Mega-projects of science research (MPSR)projects are
referred to the projects of large-sized (or large quantity
of investment needed),modernized key instruments and
equipments needed in the process of scientific research. The
are not only necessary conditions for multi-disciplines to
make major break-throughs, but also can often promote the
development of other disciplines and engineering
technologies. MPSR's are often assembled crack research
teams to form the bases of talent training. Because the
construction of those projects represents high technical
level, high degree of difficulty and large quantity of
investment, they become an important sign of the national
strength in science and
technology.
During the Seventh Five-year
Plan period, China constructed ten MPSR's which played a
very good role in the performance for the national
scientific strength and in the performance of high level
research activities, and accumulated experiences for the
construction of MPSR's, including:
1. Raised
scientific research in China to a higher level and promoted
the development of high technologies of related disciplines
such as machinery , electronics and
optics;
2. Brought up a high level,
crack scientific research team covering design,
construction, operation and management and became bases for
the training of high level professionals in
China;
3. Worked out a batch of
international first-rate scientific research achievements,
in which accurate determination of quality of
-lepton攃orrected 7.2Mev of shift of -lepton quality
and played a key role in the solution of the universality
issue of lepton; the establishment of solar magnetic field
telescope made China possess the most advanced equipment
acknowledged in the world in the world in the field; and the
Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator was used to synthesize heavy
particl-rich new nuclides such as Hg-208 for the first time
in the world.
During the Ninth Five-year
Plan period, the state will implement in a rolling manner
several major scientific engineering projects based on
in-depth study and widespread consultation of opinions of
various circles, constructing one only when the conditions
have become matured, in the fields of physics, astronomy,
life science, geo-science, etc. that are of important
scientific significance and can play an important role and
inspire the people.
I. PRINCIPLES AND
METHODS TO DETERMINE MPSR's
The determination and
construction of MPSR's should follow and embody the
principle "Grasp key points and catch up the advanced
world level on the selective basis". In order to ensure
the rationality of the determination of MPSR's, special
attention must be paid to detailed planning, adequate
demonstration and careful selection.
The
basic principles for the determination of MPSR's are that
the projects selected should have significant impacts on the
development of the national economy or science and
technology; need an investment research; can retain the
advanced international level in a period after completion or
have the possibility of making China a new force in the
field; and the design should have
creativity.
In the performance of the
determination the following should be
achieved:
1. The state makes detailed
planning and a good搕op level design攁nd, based
on that, MPSR's are selected so as to really achieve
important breakthroughs of scientific research and promote
the rapid development of related
disciplines;
2. Adequate and accurate
scientific demonstration is carried out. In-depth study and
widespread consultation of opinions of all circles are made
and special attention is paid to the opinions of scientists
who hold different or even opposing
opinions;
3. The principle of careful
selection is insisted on. MPSR's all represent large
investment in science. Careful selection should be made
according to the actual situation of financial capacity and
economic development of the country. The governmental
support is key to the implementation.
II. THE FIRST BATCH OF PROJECTS STARTED
AS APPROVED BY THE STATE
After full demonstration by
experts, the first batch of MPSR's have started as approved
by the State steering committee for science and Technology
and have been included in the national plan for capital
construction and hence gained
support.
1. The second phase project of
the national synchronous radiation laboratory
(1)
scientific purposes
The first phase project of the
National Synchronous radiation laboratory (NSRL)passed the
completion examination and acceptance by the state in Dec.
1991. Its successful operation has yielded a batch of
important achievements of application of
synchronousradiation. Since it was opened to domestic and
foreign users, the number of users who ask to make
experiments with radiation light has been increasing and so
has the requirement for light source.
Therefore, it is
pressing to add new light beam experiment stations and
improve the performance of light source. The main purposes
of the second phase project of NSRL are to raise the
brightness and stability of light source to a large extent
and add new light beam lines and experiment stations so as
for NSRL to practically meet the needs of scientific and
technological development for synchronous radiation light
source around year 2000.
(2)
Features
The main contents of the second phase project
are to add 21 light beam lines and 22 experiment
stations; construct the two insertion elements of undulators
and free electron laser, provide monochromatic tunable
coherent radiation, improve light sources to realize high
brightness operation.
The features of the project are
to continuously improve and enhance the performance of light
source and retain the international advanced level while
fully using the capacity out studies of application of
synchronous radiation; and to newly build experimental
stations of advanced technologies, with the Chinese
characteristics or created by Chinese, most urgently needed
by users.
2. Large Celestial area,
Multi-Objective, Optical Fiber Spectrum Telescope
(LAMOST)
(1) Scientific purposes
The viewing
fields of existing large-sized telescopes are too small,
usually less than one square degree, but the celestial areas
to be explored measure dozens of thousands of square degrees
to be explored measure dozens of thousands of square
degrees. Therefore, to enlarge the viewing field of
large-sized telescope becomes key to the development of
"multiple optical fiber spectrum metering "in the
current phase. LAMOST realizes "large aperture with
large viewing field", a goal that has long been
considered a difficult issue for astronomical telescope. The
effective clear aperture of LAMOST is 4m, the focal distance
20m(F=5), the viewing field reaches 21 square degrees, the
celestial area covered is more than 20000 square degrees
(over one half of the whole celestial sphere). The plan for
LAMOST has caused intense response among international
colleagues. After completion, it will first be installed at
the existing, the observed limit integral magnitude of
galaxy metering will be 20. M7 and the observed magnitude of
fixed stars 21. M0; the number of optical fibers used at the
same time will be up to 4000 so as to enable china hold an
important superiority in astronomical exploration in the
transitional period between the current and next
centuries.
(2) Features
The main
features of LAMOST include:
1 The focal distance is as
long as 20m, thus enabling the design of large viewing field
of 21 square degrees that is difficult for common 4m
telescopes. The long focal distance and large viewing field
enable the number of optical fibers to be inserted to reach
more than 4000 ;
2 The key technology for
the acquirement of large viewing field is the elimination of
spherical aberration. In the LAMOST system, the reflector as
sumes tracing and the active optical technology is used to
control the "non-spherical" shape of the reflector
and real time correction of spherical aberration is made.
This application of the active optical technology is
initiative for astronomical instruments. Experiments have
shown that this method has good
effects.
3. Observation Network for
Crustal movement in China
(1) Scientific purposes
1 Establish the four-dimensional image and stressing
status model of crustal movement of mainland China. Hence
promoting the study of causes of seism, cresting new
thinking and new methods for the zoning of seismic intensity
and providing a more scientific and important basis for the
medium-long term forecast of seism.
2 Develop
quantified explanation and carry out studies of tectonic
physics of Ching's important moderm tectonic
activities.
3 Work out results of modern movement of
mainland china relative to adjacent plates.
4provide
services for the refinement of china's geoldal surface,
study of unification of the national coordiate system,
regional geodetic surveying and engineering
construction.
(2) features
1
establish a dynamic monitoring system for space geodetic
surveying of mainland china, mainly including .
A
national (including Taiwan, Hong Kong and macao )GPS
monitoring network composed of 80 monitoring stations so as
to make each sub-plate and mass have at least three GPS
monitoring stations;
B A high precision gravity
network composed of 20-30gravity points, including 10
absolute gravity points;
C Newly developed synthetic
aperture radar, micro-wave radiation remote sensing and
other satellite electro-magnetic wave remote sensing
technologies as supplement for a small number of areas to
study the displacement, stain and change of materials in
those areas.
D A computer information processing
system, which integrates database and database management
technologies, temporal and spatial data processing
technologies and computer graphic technologies and realizes
accelerated circulation and application of observation data
of various kinds.
2 Establish a monitoring network for
space geodetic surveying (mainly GPS and individual gravity)
in relation to surrounding and neighboring
regions.
4. Meridian Chain for the
Ground Comprehensive Monitoring of Space Environment of East
Hemisphere-Meridian Engineering Project
(1)
Scientific purposes
The Meridian Engineering Project
is referred to the plan to establish a comprehensive ground
monitoring chain of multiple means for the solar-terrestrial
space environment, starting from mohe in the northernmost
part of china, extending southward through Beijing and wuhan
and reaching Hainan, and further extending to the Zhongshan
station at the south pole. This chain of stations is called
meridian chain for short.
The engineering purposes of
the project are to form a unified comprehensive monitoring
system gradually from the scattered space environment
monitoring stations and means in China by conducting
unified, complete meridian monitoring chain around the earth
through international monitoring chain around the earth
through international cooperation.
The scientific
purposes of the project are to take he meridian chain as the
means to develop the space environment global model with the
Chinese characteristics and promote the development of basic
disciplines such as space physics by acquiring perceptual
knowledge with the Meridian chan and proceeding from
revealing the regional characters of the space environment
of china.
The application purposes of the project are
to provide high level services for the study, forecast and
assessment of the space activities, production activities
and eco-environment of china, make contribution to the
formation of the discipline of "Space Weather "in
the world, give play to the leading function of china in
east Asia and make china enter the advanced international
rank in the 21st century.
(2)
Features
The most outstanding feature of the meridian
chain is that it will finally constitute the first complete
space environment monitoring chain around the globe in the
world, which has never occurred in the history of space
surveying and will be difficult to be built again,
Therefore, the meridian Chain will probably hold an
international advanced position for quite a long period. The
second feature of the meridian chain is that it has the
regional characters of china, is suitable for the studies of
space and geophysics for the territorial space and territory
and the results cap directly serve the space activities of
china. The third feature is the high comprehensiveness,
tight organization, integration of observation, research and
forecast and integrated operation of radio, geomagnetism,
optics, cosmic ray, rocket, balloon,
etc..
5. HT-7U Superconducting Tokamak
Fusion Experimental Equipment
(1) Scientific
purposes
Since year 1992 deuterium-deuterium discharge
has been made successfully on the two worldwide largest
Tokamak magnetically confined fusion experimental equipment,
Europe JET and US TFTR, hence demonstrating the scientific
ceasibility of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Based on
that, engineering design of an international engineering
experimental reactor for thermonuclear fusion (ITER) is
being made and the reactor will be completed in year 2008,
with 1500Mw of power output. Nevertheless, and economical
commercial reactor must be highly effective, compact and
realize stable operation. Therefore, the realization of the
so-called advanced Tokamak operation mode through effective
heating and improved confinement under stable operational
conditions is a frontier subject in the fusion research in
the world. There is still no large-sized superconduction
Tokamak of none-circular section in the world at present and
will only by a few in year 2000.
HT-7U is
none-circular section superconducting todamai. The
scientific purpose of building such an equipment is to
realize stable operation and carry out experiments on
heating and confinement improvement under the tokamak
advanced operation and finally realize the tokamk advanced
operational mode. The construction of the project will make
the fusion research in China enter the frontier in the world
around year 2000.
(2) Features
1.
HT-7U is of none-circular section. The divertor
configuration can control boundary; the shaping field can
flexibly control plasma configuration; high power wave
heating and wave drive are combined with bullet feeding and
wave drive are combined with bullet feeding and feedback
control to control current , electron density, electron
temperature andion temperature section and probe into the
physical basis of advanced operational mode.
2 The
whole system is formed by upgrading the HT-7 superconducting
todamak experimental system, hence only a small amount of
investment is needed for improvement to meet the needs by
HT-7U.
6. Implementation of the First
Continental Well drilling and scientific research
(1)
Scientific purposes
Continental well drilling is an
important frontier subject of the modern geosciene. In this
project the first continental well will be installed in the
Dabie-Jiaonan area with the following scientific
purposes;
Understand the cause, preservation and
folding mechanisms of the super-high pressure metamorphism
zone of the largest scale in the world developed in the area
and enrich the geo-scientific theory on super-high pressure
metamorphism function.
Understand the formation and
evolution of paleocollision type orofenic zone and deep
geologic functions type orogenic zone and improve the
geoscientific theory on orogenic functions.
Understand
the ongoing geologic functions in the area and provide the
basis for the solution of contiental bynamic issues and
provide the solution of contiental dynamic issues and for
resource utilization and environmental hazard
reduction.
(2) Contents and features
Outine of the engineering project
The first
continental well of china will be installed in the
Dabie-Jiaonan area with 5,000 m of design well depth and
152m of the final diameter and the implementation will last
5-6 years in three phases;
Phase 1 preparation before
drilling 2-3 years
Phase 2 construction, 1-2
years
Phase 3 comprehensive study of the results, 2
years, in which new data of various kinds will be
comprehensively studied, the experiences and lessons from
the construction will be summarized so as to make
preparation for the implementation of china in the next
century.
Features of the project
Directly
observe and reveal geologic phenomena and geologic functions
at different depths below surface with the means of well
drilling and solve the important issues of earth surface and
geology and geo-scientific issues that cannot solved with
common drilling engineering.
Its features include
carrying out study in the process of drilling in the area of
crystalline rocks, total fixed position extraction of core
and samples of various kinds (including solid, liquid and
gas samples), omnibearing logging and automatic control of
drilling parameters with computers,
etc..
7. Cooling Storage Ring of Lanzhou
Heavy Ion Accelerator
(1) Scientific
purposes
Tth Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator (HIRFL)has
yielded a batch of research achievements of advanced
international level, such as synthesis of heavy neutron-rich
new nuclide Hg-208, etc. for the first time in the world.
The scientific purposes of adding the multi-purpose
heavy ion cooling storage ring (csr)to HIRFL are:
1
Study of radioactive secondary beam (RIB)physics: use the
radioactive beam current of high current intensity and high
quality of CSR and isomeric beam current and polarization
beam current to carryout synthesis and study of
nucleus;
2 study of quality of nuclear material under
the conditions of high temperature and high density: use the
stable nucleus and radioactive nucleus beams from low energy
to 900MeV/u to collide with target nucleus, heat and
compress nuclear materials to create conditions of nuclear
of high temperature and high density for the studies of
state and the mutual impact between neutron and hadron of
nuclear material;
3 Study of physics of highly ionized
atoms: the high-resolution and highly ionized heavy ion beam
and high-density electronic current from CSR provide the
only possible experimental conditions for the accurate study
of mutual impacts between highly ionized heavy ion and the
energy level fine structure of inner shell of highly ionized
heavy ion .
4 Study of synthesis of super heavy
elements: the high internsith neutron-rich secondary beam
current of the same N/Z value (1.6-1.7) as that of super
heavy nucleus and the (A,Z) direct identification method of
CSR provide favorable conditions for the study of
"super heavy silands".
5 Uses by
intersection disciplines :1 in the study of astrophysics the
low-moderate energy neutron-rich and proton-rich beams are
used to study the creation, evolution, origin of energy,
process of nuclear synthesis, distribution of quality
abundance comic age, etc.; 2 heavy ion beam can be used to
cure cancers by usr of the high current intensity heavy ion
beam and RIB beam from CSR that can penetrate any part of
human body and can cure tumors in human body very
effectively under the premise of minimum damage to other
parts of human body .
(2)
Features
High counting rate: the primary and secondary
beams are used in a circle so as to raise RIB current
intensity and experimental countion rate.
Quasi-
continuous beam: when the beam current hits the internal
target in circles in the experimental ring, the main ring
periodically inserts beam currents into the experimental
ring so that quasi-continuous beam currents into the
experimental ring so that quasi-continuous beams are
produced in the experimental ring and relatively thick
internal targets can be used to get high experimental
brightness.
8. The Third Generation
Synchronous Radiation light source
(1) scientific
Purposes
The two sets of synchronous radiation light
sources built on mainland china in 1980s have the problems
of low light intensity , short machine hours, limitation to
the promotion of performance, etc., as limited by the high
energy physical experiments, and will not be able to meet
the needs by more research projects for high brightness hard
X ray and extremely high brightness soft X ray.
The
third generation synchronous radiation light source is an
equipment of high performance, medium scale and entire wave
-band. The light intensity in the division of band of soft X
ray is 5-6 magnitudes higher than that of the existing level
in China; the light intensity in the division of band of
hard x ray is over 3 magnitudes higher than that of the
equipment in Beijing; and other performances are also
promoted greatly such as high temporal resolution ratio,
which will made possible the study of structure, components,
dynamic characteristics of structure, components, dynamic
characteristics of materials under the micro-area, normal
position, dynamic, transient and extreme conditions so as to
provide new methods and means for the studies of
international frontier level in multiple fields that cannot
be carried out in china at present because of shortage of
necessary conditions.
(2) Features
The third generation synchronous radiation light
source, or China Light Source (CLS), is composed of the
three major portions of injector, storage ring and
synchronous radiation experimental equipment. The total area
covered is 15,000-20,000m2 . the injector is of total-energy
injection. The electronic energy of the storage ring is
2.3-2.5 GeV, the permeter is about 240m and the storage ring
is components, correctors, auxiliary components, etc.. the
synchronous radiation experimental equipment is composed of
light lead-out components, light beam lines and experimental
stations. It is planned to build 15 light beam lines and
corresponding experimental stations in the first phase of
the project.